The Economics of Credential Stuffing Attacks and Account Takeover Fraud

What this report covers:

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  The attacker's cost base

  Credential lists, residential proxies, 2FA bypass tools and automation software — what each costs and how they combine.

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  Low success rates, high profits

  Three observed campaigns — a 12-month run against an on-demand video service, a 90-day spike, and a 30-day attack on a fan site.

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  What it costs the defender

  Direct fraud losses, operational cost, reputational damage and system overload from the attack traffic itself.

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  AI and emerging trends

  AI-powered bots, generative AI, headless browser automation and dark pool attacks.

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  Regulatory exposure

  Where PCI DSS, GDPR and CCPA attach liability to preventable credential-based compromise.